Effects of Resilience Interventions for Adolescents and Young Adults Without Psychiatric Diagnoses: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Although numerous resilience interventions have been developed for adolescents (age 10–19) and young adults (age 20–25), their comparative effectiveness remains unclear. This systematic review and network meta-analysis of 46 randomized controlled trials (8,729 participants) found that physical activity, psychotherapy, mindfulness, and skill training generally improved resilience in adolescents and young adults, although the effect of mindfulness was less robust in sensitivity analyses. Subgroup analyses showed that intervention effectiveness varied by age and risk status: physical activity, psychotherapy, and skill training were effective for adolescents, while psychotherapy, psychoeducation, mindfulness, and skill training benefited young adults; psychotherapy was particularly effective for at-risk individuals. Intervention effects were also influenced by cultural individualism and session duration, highlighting the importance of tailoring resilience interventions to specific populations and cultural contexts.